Shareware Overload Trio 2/Shareware Overload Trio Volume 2 (Chestnut CD-ROM).ISO/dir27/ischem20.zip/IS_FILES.EXE/DILUTION.ISD

Text File | 1994-08-15 | 20KB | 349 lines

ETC■■■THE DILUTIONS CALCULATOR
■0100
│    ƒ7  Dilutions       Calculate simple and serial dilutions.            │

A common laboratory task requiring precision but all too often prone to
error is the preparation of dilutions.  With the Dilution Calculator you
can pre-calculate the exact steps required to attain the desired dilutions
and print a recipe sheet which can be used to perform the operation.  The
step by step recipe of instructions can eliminate time-consuming and in
some cases costly error in the laboratory.

The Dilutions function can calculate dilution series both from a common
standard and by serial steps.  Serial dilutions can be back calculated to
maintain a minimum amount of remainder at each dilution.  Dilution values
are calculated either to exact numerical values for the concentration or
held to a determined resolution of measure with the concentration allowed
to vary according to the precision of measure.  Up to 99 dilutions can be
calculated in a single series, in either standard or serial methods

To start the "Dilutions" laboratory dilutions calculator function from the
main menu, press "D" or [ƒ7] or select with the highlight bar and press
enter or with your mouse, double-click the menu line.

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■0905
DILUTIONS CALCULATOR SCREEN

The Dilution calculator screen features an equation calculator presenting
four permutations of the standard proportion equation A*B=C*D.  You can use
the equation calculator to solve any proportional calculation.  The line
above the calculator presents the currently selected permutation.
Normally, the calculator should be set to solve for the volume of solution
A.

In the upper section the second line reveals whether the mode is set to
calculate successive dilutions from a standard stock or serial dilutions,
(each dilution from the preceding one).

Below the calculator is displayed the currently selected resolutions, the
concentration of the original stock solution and the current tally of
amount of original stock required.

The header for the bottom section of the screen is a representation of the
dilution recipe procedure.  In the bottom window, the quantities for each
step of the dilution are listed.  Read each line of the recipe by inserting
the quantities into the procedure narrative.
~
~>  For example: To make [sample number of B] at concentration            <
~>  [concentration of the dilution] take amount [volume of solution A]    <
~>  of [sample number of A] plus solvent up to [total final volume of     <
~>  solution B].                                                          <
~
~>  To make [sample 3] at concentration [5 percent] take amount [120.4    <
~>  ml] of [stock solution] plus solvent up to [500 ml].                  <

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■0910
DILUTIONS CALCULATOR COMMANDS

To perform a dilution or a series of dilutions, first select the desired
mode, either successive or serial, then if you want option settings other
than the defaults, select the options menu and change the settings.  Enter
the concentration of the stock or original solution, the concentration of
the dilution and the amount of diluted solution desired.
╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║   PgUp/PgDn  permute dilution equation                 ║ ü Choose method.
║ up/dn arrow  scroll the view window of dilution steps  ║ é View steps.
║     [enter]  get values                                ║ â Enter data.
║     numbers  begin data input                          ║ ┘
║      [bksp]  erase last step of dilution sequence      ║ ä Corrections.
║    [delete]  erase all values and steps                ║ ┘
║        [ƒ6]  exchange values with solutions calculator ║ à Exporting.
║        [ƒ8]  toggle standard/serial mode               ║ å Choose method.
║    [alt∙ƒ5]  print report                              ║ α print or save.
║       [^ƒ4]  set dilution options                      ║ ß Settings.
╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
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ȟPermute The Proportional Dilution Equation
For normal use, set the calculator to solve for amount of solution A, but
you can also use the calculator to solve for any of the other three
variables of the proportion equation.  Press PgUp and PgDn to permute the
equation to solve for the desired unknown.
________________________________________________________________________________
ȎScroll View Window
When more than eight dilution steps have been performed, the recipe window
will scroll to permit the viewing of all steps.  After a calculation, the
last 8 steps will be in the view window.  Use the up and down arrows to
scroll the view.  Up to 99 steps can be calculated and viewed.
________________________________________________________________________________
ȉInput Equation Knowns
Begin supplying values for the three knowns of the selected equation either
by pressing [enter] to display the prompt or by beginning entry of a
numeric value.  You will be prompted in turn for the three unknowns.  If
mode is set to Successive, the concentration of A is set to the standard at
each step.  If mode is set to Serial, the concentration of A is set to the
diluted concentration of the previous step.
________________________________________________________________________________
ȊErase One Or All Dilution Steps
To erase and recalculate a step, press the [backspace] key.  The last
performed dilution step will be erased.  To erase all steps recorded in the
current session, press [delete].
________________________________________________________________________________
ȈExport Or Import Values From The Solutions Calculator
Pressing the [ƒ6] opens a dialog window which permit you to either import
values from the solutions calculator or export dilution values back to the
solutions calculator.
________________________________________________________________________________
ȌSet Dilution Mode To Successive Or Serial
Set the current dilution mode to either successive or serial mode by
pressing [ƒ8].  Successive mode performs a series of different dilutions
from the same standard solution.  Serial mode performs each dilution from
the previous result.
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»αThe Report Utility
≈1310 ÷IS_INTRO.ISD
Print or save a dilution recipe report by pressing [alt-ƒ5].  The dilution
report prints a series of instructions which can be followed to perform the
dilutions in the lab.  To turn to a more detailed explanation of the report
generator, press Y or click on YES.  Press any other key to close this
link.
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ȧThe Options Window
≈915
Pressing control-ƒ4 opens a window in which you can set several options
for the dilutions calculator.  Those options are explained on the next page
of this section.  Press Y or click on YES to change to that page now or
press PgDn after closing this window.
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■5905
USING THE DILUTIONS CALCULATOR

  THE DILUTIONS CALCULATOR SCREEN
The dilutions calculator screen is divided into four sections.
The top section declares the current mode of dilution.  The next
section is the dilution calculator tool.  This four variable calculator can
be permuted into any proportional calculation, but for normal use it is set
at the default with the unknown set to "amount of solution A." Below that
the screen presents the settings for the current calculation.  Values for
resolution of measure and of the containers, the original (stock)
concentration and the amount of stock required so far.  In the bottom
section up to eight lines of the dilution procedure are displayed.

  SELECTING A DILUTION MODE
Before beginning a calculation, determine whether you will use the
standards method or the serial method of dilution.  You can select
standards method of successive dilutions from a known stock when a close
series is called for or serial dilution from the prior dilution when the
requirement is to arrive at a very small concentration value.  You can even
mix the methods in the same calculation series.
~
~>  As an example, lets begin by calculating a set of successive           <
~>  dilutions from a known stock solution.  Press [ƒ8] until the method    <
~>  declaration line says "Successive dilution mode - Dilute from stock."  <

  SELECTING A CALCULATION METHOD
The calculator for the Dilutions function calculates the basic proportion
equation of the form A1 times A2 equals B1 times B2.  In the case of
dilutions, the sets A and B are the two solutions and the subsets 1 and 2
are the concentration and volume.

Normally you will want to solve for the amount (volume) of solution A, thus
calculating the amount of solution A to dilute to produce the desired
concentration of solution B. You can, when needed, use the dilution
calculator to solve for any of the other variables, but such calculations
are not normally used for procedure definitions.
~
~>  To proceed with our example: If the calculator is not set to solve    <
~>  for volume of solution A, press [pgdn] or [pgup] until it does so.    <
~>  These are the default settings for calculation and method.            <

  ENTERING VALUES
Unless this is the very first function of The Integral Scientist you have
explored, you are probably already familiar with the calculator interface.
To perform a calculation and solve for the unknown or left side of the
equation, you enter values for each of the knowns.
~
~>  Since our example is set to solve for the volume of solution A, you   <
~>  must enter values for the concentration of A, concentration of B and  <
~>  Volume of B. Enter 95% for the concentration of solution A, the       <
~>  stock solution.  Enter 80% for the concentration of B and 1000 ml     <
~>  for the volume of B. After you have entered all three knowns, the     <
~>  unknown is calculated and the first line of the procedure is          <
~>  completed.                                                            <

  THE PROCEDURE LINES
The lines at the top of the dilution steps display section dictate a
narrative of the procedure for a dilution step.  Read the narrative for each
step by reading each phrase to the colon, followed by the value or number
in the column below the phrase and proceeding to the next phrase.
~
~>  Read the results of the example calculation, for instance as: "To     <
~>  make (solution) number 1 at (a) concentration (of) 80.0 percent take  <
~>  (an) amount (equal to) 842.11 milliliters of stock plus (add)         <
~>  solvent up to (a total volume of) 1000.0 ml." The words in            <
~>  parenthesis are to be understood and are added here for clarity.      <

  ENTERING ADDITIONAL STEPS
After completing the first calculation, the calculator is set to calculate
another step.  In the dilutions procedures, once the original solution
concentration has been entered, the concentration of solution A is no
longer prompted for, as it is a dependent variable from the preceding step.
~
~>  To complete the example, enter additional steps at 70, 60, 50 and 40  <
~>  percent.  For each step, the amount of stock solution required is     <
~>  calculated and totaled.  After completing the example, the "Stock     <
~>  required:" field will show that a total of 3157.89 milliliters of     <
~>  stock solution is required to produce the five dilutions of 1000      <
~>  milliliters.                                                          <

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■0915
DILUTIONS CALCULATOR OPTIONS

You can set several options for the dilutions calculator by pressing
[control-ƒ4].  In the option window you can set the minimum sample volume,
the unit of measure for container volume and measuring device and if you
select to have the calculations adjusted to resolution, set the resolution
of transfer and container.
╔═════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║  Minimum volume for samples:                ║ ü Allowable minimum volume.
║  Unit of measure for Volume:                ║ é Units for procedures.
║  Unit of measure for Concentration:         ║ ┘
║  Adjust to Resolutions?                     ║ â Adjust dilution factor
║    Resolution of transfer measurement:      ║ │ to nearest resolution
║    Resolution of solution containers:       ║ ┘ increments.
╚═════════════════════════════════════════════╝
Select the option you wish to set by clicking on the line or by moving the
highlight with the up and down arrow keys.  With an option highlighted,
press the left and right arrow keys to scroll through the available preset
values or enter a numeric value from the keyboard.
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ȟMinimum Sample Volume
A value entered here will be used when back-calculating a serial dilution.
The amounts of solution at each step will be adjusted so that after the
next dilution in the series this minimum amount will remain.
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ȎUnits Of Measure
In these fields, enter a unit name or select a unit with the left and right
arrow keys.  The unit name assigned will appear in each line of the
dilution procedure on the screen and in a printed or saved dilution report.
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ȉAdjust To Resolution
If the Adjust to Resolution option is set to NO, then transfer and
container amounts will be retained as calculated.  If the option is set to
yes, the calculation is adjusted so that the resolution of measurement for
the transfer and container are exact values and the concentration value is
allowed to vary to achieve those exact measurements.  In the transfer and
container fields, set the decimal position to the resolution desired by
using the left and right arrow keys.
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■5910
THE DILUTIONS CALCULATOR OPTIONS

  SELECTING OPTIONS
To set the options for the Dilutions Calculator, press [alt-ƒ5] to open the
options menu.  In the options menu you will see selections for minimum
volume of samples, units of measure for volume and concentration, and a
toggle for adjusting calculated values to the resolutions.  Each of the
options can be set by entering values or by selecting from a list.  To
change an option, use the up and down arrow keys to move the highlight bar
or click on an option line with your mouse.

  MINIMUM VOLUME SETTINGS
The minimum volume option allows you to set a minimum amount of volume for
the dilutions in a serial dilution procedure.  The default value is 1000
milliliters but you can enter any value you need.  As the serial
calculations are made, the far right column displays the remainder or
amount of each dilution remaining after succeeding dilutions are drawn from
the amount.  If the volume drops below the minimum value, it is enclosed in
parenthesis.  Volumes below minimum can be corrected by back-calculating
the dilution series.  To change the setting, click on the line with your
mouse to roll through a series of preset volumes or enter a value from the
keyboard.

  UNIT OF MEASURE SETTINGS
The units of measure options allow you to change the default units.
The default settings for units of measure are milliliters for the volume
and percent of solution for concentration.  To change the settings for
either of the units, select the option line then press [enter] or click on
the line with your mouse to roll through a list of pre-set options or key
in a unit designation of your own from the keyboard.  You can enter any
word or abbreviation of up to five characters in either field.

  RESOLUTIONS
By using the Adjust to Resolutions option you can force the Dilution
calculator to hold the values calculated for volume of container and
resolution of measure to the correct decimal setting.  Select the option
line "Adjust to Resolution" and click or press [enter] to turn the option
on.  With the option turned on you can now scroll to the next two lines.
Use the left and right arrow keys or click the lines to the right of the
value to shift the resolution higher and to the left to reduce the
resolution.  Set the resolution of the container to be equal to the
accuracy with which you can measure the container volume and the resolution
of measure to the accuracy of the transfer device.
~
~>  After completing the previous example's steps and examining the       <
~>  results, you will notice that the values, while numerically correct,  <
~>  are not practical values.  The procedure, as printed, for instance,   <
~>  calls for measuring the stock solution to an accuracy of one          <
~>  hundredth of a milliliter.  It is unlikely that the equipment         <
~>  normally found in the laboratory is capable of measuring to such      <
~>  accuracy.  While you can certainly round off the calculations during  <
~>  the operation, it might be helpful to know the results of the         <
~>  round-off.                                                            <

With the options set to "adjust to resolution" when you perform calculations
and record steps of a procedure, the calculations will be adjusted to
reflect the accuracy possible under actual lab conditions.

________________________________________________________________________________
■5915
ADVANCED COMMANDS

  BACK-CALCULATING
As you perform dilutions steps in serial dilution mode, the remainder may
fall below the value you have set as minimum for each dilution.  When the
remainder is below minimum the value is enclosed in parenthesis.  You can
correct the discrepancy without starting over by using the back-calculation
command [ƒ9].  Pressing the [ƒ9] key causes the serial steps to be
re-calculated so that each steps remainder is equal to or greater than the
minimum.  You can perform back-calculation at any time, although it is not
really needed until you have entered all desired dilutions.

  EXCHANGING VALUES WITH THE SOLUTIONS CALCULATOR
The dilutions calculator can exchange volume and concentration values with
the solutions calculator function.  Press [ƒ6] to open the exchange window.
With the exchange window you can choose to import the solution volume and
concentration in percent into solution A of the dilution calculator.  The
import, of course, will not function unless those variables contain values.

You can also select to export solution B values back to the solutions
calculator where the volume will be placed in the solution volume field of
the solutions calculator and the solution B concentration in percent will
be placed in the solution calculator field.

  PRINTING OR STORING A REPORT
When you have completed calculating all steps for your dilution procedure,
you will want to create a report document either directly to a printer or
stored to a file for later use and archiving.  Press [alt-ƒ5] to invoke the
report generator and select the desired output.

  CLEARING A LINE OR ALL VALUES
As you enter lines of the procedure, you can erase, (back up) a single line
at a time or cancel the entire procedure and begin again.  Press the
[back-space] key to delete the most recent line entry.  Press [delete] to
erase the entire procedure and start over.
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■■